Activate sigmaplot 119/25/2023 The expression of HMGB1, σ-1R, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was examined by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Thus, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved in astrocyte activation and migration induced by methamphetamine. However, the elements downstream of σ-1R in this process remain poorly understood. Our previous study demonstrated that methamphetamine mediates activation of astrocytes via sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R). Mounting evidence has indicated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in cell activation and migration.
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